Exploring the Downton Abbey Complete Collection
Intro
In the landscape of modern television, few series have left as profound a mark as Downton Abbey. From its beginnings as a costume drama to its evolution into a global cultural touchstone, this collection has captivated viewers with its intricate tale of life during a time of societal upheaval in early 20th-century England. Fashioned from the mind of Julian Fellowes, Downton Abbey masterfully interweaves the lives of aristocrats and their servants against the backdrop of world-changing eventsâall while exploring the complexities of love, class, and tradition.
The Downton Abbey Complete Collection comprises not only the six lavish seasons of the series but also its film adaptations, further expanding the rich narrative tapestry crafted throughout the show's run. With a stellar cast, luxuriant settings, and sharp-witted dialogue, it invites both nostalgia and reflection on the societal norms of the time.
As we embark on this thorough exploration, we will delve into the various elements that have contributed to the show's enduring popularity. This includes an overview of its plot and characters, a critical analysis of thematic content, and reflections on its reception by audiences and critics alike. The journey through this collection also includes insights into the show's production and how it influenced contemporary portrayals of historical dramas.
Intro to Downton Abbey
The world of Downton Abbey has captivated audiences, bringing to life the intricate tapestry of early 20th-century British society. This section serves as a doorway into understanding the essence of the series, its historical backdrop, and its lasting relevance in contemporary discussions about class, culture, and relationships.
Overview of the Series
Downton Abbey is much more than a period drama; it's a mirror reflecting the shifting tides of social status and family ties over a span of more than a decade. Created by Julian Fellowes, the series first graced our screens in 2010 and quickly became a cultural touchstone.
The narrative revolves around the aristocratic Crawley family and their domestic staff, set against the profound changes triggered by events like World War I and the rise of the working class. Downton doesn't sugarcoat the realities of its time; rather, it portrays the struggles, aspirations, and intricacies of life both upstairs and downstairs â as the saying goes, 'the rich inherit the earth, but the commoners build it.'
With a rich ensemble cast including the likes of Hugh Bonneville, Maggie Smith, and Michelle Dockery, each character possesses a complexity that illuminates the broader themes of love, loss, and loyalty. Whether it's the steely resolve of Lady Mary Crawley or the unwavering loyalty of the staff, these character portrayals add layers of depth to the narrative. Indeed, the series has invited viewers to reflect on their own lives and relationships as they witness the Crawleys navigate their world.
Historical Context
To truly appreciate Downton Abbey, one must consider the historical landscape from which it arises. The series is set in an era marked by significant upheaval â the effects of World War I, the suffragette movement, and the onset of the modern age were reshaping societal norms.
In the backdrop of Downton, the British class system was being tested. The anthropology of the English countryside, characterized by sprawling estates and a rigid social hierarchy, served as a stage for the dramas unfolding within its walls. For instance, the interplay between characters like Thomas Barrow, who battles his ambitions against the glass ceiling imposed by his social standing, and Lady Edith Crawley, who grapples with her role in a male-dominated world, illustrates the collision of tradition and modernity. More than mere historical narratives, these elements act as catalysts for character development and plot progression.
"History is not a mere backdrop; it is the foundation upon which the story is built."
The series does a commendable job of weaving actual historical events into its fabric, providing viewers not only with entertainment but also a lens through which to view the past. By exploring the intricacies of the Crawley family's existence, the series encourages a dialogue about how history shapes identity, belief, and culture.
In summary, the Introduction to Downton Abbey lays the groundwork for a deeper exploration of the series' profound impact and thematic richness. This understanding primes audiences for an analytical dive into the production details, character analyses, thematic explorations, and the broader cultural significance of this iconic television drama.
Production Details
The creation of a series like Downton Abbey requires meticulous attention to detail, not just in the storytelling but also in its production elements. This section focuses on the major contributors who brought this celebrated series to life and explores the nuances of where and how it was brought to screen. Understanding the production details gives insight into the artistry behind the show and its ability to resonate with audiences worldwide.
Creators and Key Personnel
At the heart of Downton Abbey is Julian Fellowes, the series creator and writer, whose vision and dramatic narratives have captivated millions. Fellowesâ background in acting and screenwriting brought a depth of understanding and flair for character-driven storytelling that defined the series. Supporting him was a remarkable cast of actors including Hugh Bonneville, Elizabeth McGovern, and Michelle Dockery, each delivering performances that transported viewers to the early 20th century.
Each character was carefully crafted not just by the actors but through collaborative efforts with the production team, with costumes by Susannah Buxton adding layers of authenticity. The synergy between cast and crew was palpable, resulting in a visual feast that complemented the rich dialogue and intricate storylines.
Filming Locations
Set against the backdrop of lavish English estates, much of Downton Abbey was filmed at Highclere Castle, a stunning location that embodies the grandeur of the early 1900s. This pivotal choice of filming location contributed significantly to the seriesâ appeal, as the majestic architecture of the estate added an essential layer to the narrative's authenticity.
"Highclere Castle is not just a location; itâs almost a character in its own right, embodying the tensions and transformations of the era."
Beyond Highclere, various other locations, such as Bampton in Oxfordshire, were utilized for exteriors and local scenes, giving audiences a more complete experience of âthe good old daysâ in a graceful, old-world setting. The combination of these locations rendered the series visually striking while also grounding it in a tangible historical framework.
Budget and Funding
Producing a high-caliber series like Downton Abbey required considerable investment. The show's estimated budget per episode was around 1 million pounds, reflecting its ambition to blend historical accuracy with high production values. It was largely funded by ITV, with a substantial part of its budget coming from international sales and merchandise.
Understanding the financial aspect highlights the critical strategy behind its successâinvesting in detail-rich storytelling and production led to the show's ability to achieve not only commercial success but also critical acclaim. The finances laid the groundwork for the series operating on a scale that matched its sweeping narratives and grand cinematography.
Character Analysis
The character analysis in Downton Abbey is not just a cursory glance at the people that populate the series; it is a deep dive into their complex lives, motivations, and transformations throughout the show. This section is vital for understanding how individual narratives intertwine to create the rich tapestry of life at Downton, making it a key feature of this collection. Moreover, analyzing the characters sheds light on broader social issues, providing viewers with new layers of meaning and prompting reflections on class, loyalty, and personal growth.
The Crawley Family
At the heart of the series is the Crawley family, whose lives and destinies are intricately woven into the fabric of early 20th-century Britain. The family, spearheaded by Robert Crawley, the Earl of Grantham, symbolizes the aristocracy during a pivotal time of transformation. Lady Mary, the eldest daughter, often embodies the conflict between tradition and modernity as she navigates love and the pressures of inheritance. Her journey from a somewhat selfish young woman to a responsible figure showcases her character arc brilliantly.
Moving down the line, Robert and Cora serve as anchors for the family's values and expectations. Their interactions often reveal the friction between personal desires and societal obligations, which is a recurring theme throughout the series. Adding to this dynamic is Lady Edith, who often gets overshadowed but possesses a strength that develops over time, making her an equally compelling character. The Crawley familyâs intricacies reflect the broader societal norms and changes as they adapt to the world evolving around them.
Supporting Characters
Supporting characters in Downton Abbey play essential roles in shaping the narrative, each one adding depth and diversity to the storyline. Take Thomas Barrow, for instance. Initially scripted as a scheming footman, his character displays a myriad of layers that reveal deeper vulnerabilities, especially when confronted with themes of identity and acceptance. This shows viewers that not all characters fit neatly into good or bad categories. On the other side of the spectrum is Anna Bates, whose integrity and kindness contrast sharply with some of the more duplicitous characters, illuminating the virtues of loyalty and love.
Alongside Anna, Mrs. Hughes serves as a moral compass to both the staff and the household. Her wisdom and grounded nature help serve as a bridge between the social classes, reminding the audience of the interconnected fates of all people represented in the show. Supporting characters also include the likes of Isobel Crawley, who challenges conventions and strives to make her mark outside traditional feminine roles, thus enriching the seriesâ narrative tapestry.
Character Arcs and Development
Character arcs in Downton Abbey are meticulously crafted, showcasing transformation in ways that resonate deeply with audiences. Each character evolves through trials and tribulations, making their journeys feel authentic and relatable. For example, Mary transitions from being a self-absorbed aristocrat to a more complex individual who grapples with the consequences of her choices, especially in her relationships.
For instance, the evolving relationship between Mary and Tom Branson highlights this growth. Initially, Tom, a former chauffeur turned political activist, represents everything Mary resents. However, over time, they forge a partnership built on mutual respect. Their shared experiences during the post-war era display the shifts in social structures, making both characters relatable in their struggles.
On a grander scale, these arcs allow the audience to reflect on their values and the volatile nature of human relationships amidst historical change. Each character's development facilitates conversations about identity, ambition, and emotional fulfillment, orchestrating a dance of growth that keeps viewers engaged season after season.
Ultimately, character analysis in Downton Abbey not only enriches audience understanding but enhances the overall narrative experience, inviting reflection on the human condition amidst changing social landscapes.
Thematic Exploration
The thematic exploration of Downton Abbey serves as a backbone for both the storylines and character development throughout the series. This critical examination reveals the complexities that thread through the lives of the characters, showcasing how their situations reflect broader societal changes during the early 20th century. The rich themes not only enrich the narrative but also encourage viewers to reflect on their own societal structures.
Class and Society
Class distinctions are front and center in Downton Abbey, embodying the societal hierarchy that was particularly pronounced during the early 1900s in England. The Crawley family, living in the grand estate of Downton, represents the declining aristocracy, while the local working-class characters illuminate the tension between social classes. For instance, characters like Thomas Barrow and Mrs. Patmore navigate their lives with different challenges and aspirations shaped by their societal positions.
This theme compels viewers to question the rigidity of class boundaries and reflect on how personal ambition and moral dilemmas can transcend social ladders. As characters venture beyond the expectations of their roles, they challenge the notion that one's place in society is predetermined.
"Class distinctions, while often rigid, reveal the fluidity of personal identity and moral choices."
Tradition vs. Change
The tension between tradition and change unfolds in every season of Downton Abbey, as the series spotlights the tumult of World War I and the interwar period. Viewers see the characters grapple with the loss of familiar conventions in the face of modernity, whether it be in the shift of gender roles, the advent of the working class's rights, or even in daily routines at the estate.
Lady Mary Crawleyâs evolution from a sheltered heiress to a more independent woman embodies this struggle perfectly. Her character arcs serve as a microcosm of the societal changes happening all around her, making her relatable to viewers who might also experience personal or societal transformations in their lives.
Love and Relationships
The explorations of love and relationships in the series add a deeply personal dimension to the narrative. From passionate romances to complicated friendships, the interwoven stories present love not just as a source of joy but as a catalyst for conflict and tragedy.
Take, for instance, the relationship between Lady Mary and Matthew Crawley, whose love is initially mired in class tension and personal ambitions. Their evolving relationship encapsulates the push and pull of societal expectations against personal desires. Furthermore, the unconditional love displayed in the bond between Anna and Bates showcases loyalty and sacrifice, illustrating the varying expressions of love across social strata.
These threads serve to enrich the viewing experience, compelling fans to consider the complexities of emotional connections amidst dramatic historical changes. Ultimately, through its rich thematic exploration, Downton Abbey prompts reflections on class, tradition, and love that resonate with audiences long after the screen fades to black.
Related Resources
- Wikipedia on Downton Abbey
- Britannicaâs Insight on the Show
- Fan Discussions on Reddit
- Insights from TV History
Reception and Impact
The impact of Downton Abbey on both the television landscape and popular culture is profound. When examining its reception, we can identify multiple layers of audience engagement and critical appreciation. This analysis uncovers how the series resonated with viewers across diverse demographics, while also scratching the surface of how it influenced media narratives and societal discussions.
Critical Acclaim
Downton Abbey garnered widespread critical acclaim from its inception. Critics frequently cited its meticulous production values, sharp writing, and strong performances. The acting, especially from the likes of Maggie Smith as Violet Crawley, the Dowager Countess, received exceptional praise. Critics pointed out that her sharp wit and commanding presence provided depth to the narrative that few characters in television could rival.
The series wasnât merely about opulence but presented a keen insight into the societal shifts of early 20th century England. Outlets like The Guardian recognized how it managed to intertwine historical context with rich character development, making it not just a show, but a cultural commentary. The series collected accolades from major critics' associations and was celebrated in discussions, sometimes described as the best British drama to grace our screens in years.
Audience Reception
When it comes to audience reception, Downton Abbey sparked a genuine fervor among fans. The diverse cast of characters allowed various viewer demographics to find connections within the storyline. From the bustling life of the Crawley family to the engaging drama of the servants below stairs, everyone found a reason to tune in week after week.
Social media platforms lit up with discussions, theories, and reactions following each episode, creating a cultural phenomenon that went beyond mere viewership. Itâs noted that the phrase "What Would Violet Do?" exists in numerous memes and conversations online, proving its relevance in daily life long after the series concluded. Ratings soared with each season, often breaking previous records. The final season saw viewership peaks that demonstrated loyalty and investment from the audience toward the show's intricate tapestry.
Awards and Nominations
The accolades received by Downton Abbey are a testament to its artistic and cultural impact. The series amassed a staggering 15 Primetime Emmy Awards, receiving nominations in numerous categories, including Outstanding Drama Series. The British Academy Television Awards and Golden Globe Awards also acknowledged its excellence, with several wins that put the show at the forefront of television history.
In addition to the awards, Downton Abbey was recognized for its originality, receiving accolades for its writing and performance. Many industry pundits have pointed out that this series changed how period dramas could be perceived by contemporary audiences, paving the way for future shows to draw from rich historical narratives and elaborate character builds.
"Downton Abbey is more than just a television show. It transformed the way people engage with history through storytelling, making it feel intimate and immediate."
In summary, Downton Abbey established itself as not just a period piece but as a reflective lens on its time, influencing both audience perspectives and new media productions, and leaving a lasting legacy in the annals of television history.
Downton Abbey Films
The transition from television series to the big screen often carries significant weight, and Downton Abbey is no exception. The films serve not just to extend the beloved narrative but also to explore deeper layers of the characters and their evolving dynamics. These adaptations have opened new avenues for Downton Abbey, reaching audiences who may not have engaged with the series during its original run. In considering the films, one must acknowledge the intricate relationship between the show and its cinematic counterparts, as both offer rich content that reflects changing societal norms, familial ties, and the essence of British culture.
The First Feature Film
The first Downton Abbey feature film released in September 2019 marked a pivotal moment for fans. It was like reuniting with old friends after a long separation. This film picks up in 1927, a couple of years after the series concluded, and highlights the Crawley family's preparations for a royal visit with all the pomp and circumstance one might expect. The essence of storytelling that fans adored in the show is palpable.
The transition to film grants the creators room to breathe, enhancing the visuals with sweeping shots of the grand estate and intimate close-ups of character interactions. Old flames reignite and new ones spark amidst the backdrop of duty and tradition, allowing narratives to deepen. With a plot that encapsulates the warmth and wit of the series, it answers lingering questions while presenting fresh dilemmas for the characters, thus refreshing the priorities of their lives without losing sight of their core identities.
One could say that the film not only served to present the next chapter in the Crawley saga but also acted as a homage to the legacy of the series, inviting newcomers to experience the charm of Downton Abbey while delivering nostalgia to loyal fans. Furthermore, the box office success of this film indicated a clear demand for more cinematic adventures from this cherished universe.
The Sequel and Its Reception
Following the success of the first film, the sequel Downton Abbey: A New Era premiered in 2022, bringing a renewed sense of excitement. The plot takes viewers on an international tour, introducing elements from the 1920s French Riviera, thus moving beyond the familiar landscapes of Yorkshire. This geographic expansion helps to adjust the lens through which we perceive the beloved characters, revealing their adaptability in new environments.
Critics and audiences alike greeted the sequel with a mixture of nostalgia and curiosity. Some lauded the film for its emotional depth, and ability to weave traditional storylines with the challenges of the burgeoning modern world. Others reflected on its nuances, which perhaps unmatched the pacing of the first film but still held steadfast to the essence that made Downton Abbey an unforgettable experience.
Moreover, ticket sales demonstrated strong interest, showcasing that even a decade later, Downton Abbey continues to draw audiences. Fan forums like Reddit buzzed with discussions about character arcs and the implications of new plot developments, reflecting a community deeply invested in the series' evolution.
Both films achieved a unique standingâserving as love letters to a show rich with heritage while capturing contemporary themes that resonate resoundingly to today's viewers. This skillful blend reflects an understanding of Downton Abbey's core appeal and ensures that its legacy remains vibrant in an ever-changing media landscape.
"The beauty of Downton Abbey is that it continues to connect with audiences, inviting them to explore not only the past but their own connections to tradition and transformation."
In summary, the films have not only renewed interest in the Downton Abbey universe but also created a legacy that ties the past, present, and future of the beloved series. For those who have followed the Crawley family from their noble beginnings to grand cinematic adventures, the journey through time continues to unfold.
Cultural Significance
The cultural significance of Downton Abbey cannot be overstated, as this series has become a touchstone in modern television history. Its thoughtful exploration of various societal issues has helped to ignite conversations around class, gender roles, and historical events, painting a rich tapestry of life in early 20th century England. The show doesn't just entertain; it serves as a lens through which audiences can see the evolution of social norms and attitudes, making it an essential discourse in understanding contemporary society.
This series transcends mere spectacle. It invites the viewer to reflect on how much has changed, yet how much remains constant in human behavior and relationships. One can argue that Downton Abbey plays a role in cultural education, as it encourages viewers to consider the implications of social hierarchy while remaining engaged with a gripping narrative.
Influence on Popular Culture
The influence of Downton Abbey on popular culture is profound and multifaceted. Since its launch, it has inspired countless discussions, fan theories, and even academic analyses. The seriesâ characteristic elegance, paired with its gripping storytelling, encouraged a renaissance in interest in historical dramas. Influenced by its success, other shows such as The Crown and Victoria have since emerged, aiming to capture a similar audience.
Moreover, phrases like "keeping up with the Crawleys" have made their way into colloquial language, evidencing how deeply embedded the series has become in everyday dialogue. The fashion showcased throughout the series has also affected trends, with many viewers embracing the distinctive styles of the Edwardian era. The impact on attire is so pronounced that it has led to clothing lines inspired directly by the characters, allowing fans to connect even more intimately with the series.
"The grandeur of Downton Abbey shows that television can be as illuminating as literature."
Indeed, the show has even reached beyond the screen, affecting fields like interior design, tourism, and literature. Episodes that depict specific historical events, such as the sinking of the Titanic or the post-World War I landscape, have sparked a resurgence of interest in those topics and events, bringing historical figures and incidents into the collective consciousness.
Merchandising and Spin-offs
Merchandising around Downton Abbey has become a notable aspect of its cultural significance. The series capitalized on its popularity by launching a variety of products that allow fans to immerse themselves in the world of the Crawleys and their servants. From elegant dinnerware sets to fashion items inspired by the characters, the merchandise effectively extends the viewing experience into everyday life.
Moreover, the success of the franchise has given rise to spin-off items and projects. The film adaptations not only provided closure to fansâ favorite characters but also introduced the story to new audiences. Thereâs something enchanting about owning a piece of the Downton saga, whether itâs a cookbook featuring traditional British recipes or handcrafted items reminding viewers of their beloved characters.
This synergy between the series and consumer culture highlights its status as a cultural phenomenon. The community surrounding Downton Abbey fosters engagement, allowing people to discuss their thoughts, memories, and experiences related to the show often on various online platforms,such as eternal discussions on Reddit forums dedicated to the series or specialty pages on Facebook that focus on elaborate tea parties inspired by the show.
In summary, the cultural significance of Downton Abbey encircles more than just its narrative and visual elementsâit touches aspects of social dialogue, trends in merchandise, and the unique experiences shared by viewers, creating a lasting impact that resonates well beyond the screen.
The Complete Collection
The Downton Abbey Complete Collection stands as a hallmark in the realm of television, representing a confluence of history, storytelling, and cultural commentary. This box set not only encapsulates the sweeping narrative that enthralled millions but also stands as a testament to the seriesâ pervasive influence on contemporary storytelling. It's akin to opening a well-worn book that ages with remarkable grace; each viewing uncovers new insights and emotions previously hidden.
Overview of the Box Set
The box set comprises all six seasons of the critically-acclaimed series along with the two feature films. It's expertly packaged, mimicking a treasure chest of stories, ensuring that fans can appreciate the entirety of the Crawley family's saga without missing a beat. Each disc is organized methodically, allowing for an effortless journey through the lives of characters who have become household names. The artwork featured on the box set encapsulates the elegance of the show's aesthetic, which flourished amid the backdrop of the early 20th century England.
Additionally, several versions are available: a standard edition, a limited collector's edition with added bonuses, and digital formats suitable for modern viewing habits. This range caters to every kind of viewerâfrom the casual observer to the die-hard fan who simply must have every piece of memorabilia. Itâs notable how this collection transforms the act of watching from a mere pastime to an experience steeped in nostalgia.
Special Features and Extras
With the Downton Abbey Complete Collection, the value extends far beyond just the episodes themselves. The special features are akin to a backstage pass, offering fans a glimpse into the making of the series. A selection of behind-the-scenes documentaries showcases esteemed director Julian Fellowes and his insights on character development and historical accuracy.
Not to mention, commentary tracks featuring cast members provide an engaging recounting of their experiences while filming. Itâs here where one finds the stories that didnât make it to the screenâlike the hidden anecdotes that add savory depth to an already rich narrative.
Some highlights of the special features include:
- Deleted Scenes: Snippets that didnât make the final cut, offering another layer of context to certain episodes.
- Interviews with the Cast: Personal yet revealing, allowing fans to connect with the characters on a more intimate level.
- Set Tours: An exploration of the stunning locations where Downton Abbey was filmed, giving insight into both the aesthetic appeal and the effort that went into bringing the fictional estate to life.
Availability and Pricing
As for availability, the Downton Abbey Complete Collection is widely accessible across various platforms. Most major retailers, both online and brick-and-mortar, stock it. Notably, websites like Amazon and Walmart often run promotions that include reduced prices or bundled deals, enticing potential buyers to indulge.
In terms of pricing, the value reflects not only the physical items but also the treasure trove of storytelling contained within. Hereâs a general idea of what you may encounter:
- Standard Edition: Economical but still rich in content, typically priced around $50-$70.
- Limited Collector's Edition: This package fetches a higher price tag of around $100 or more, often featuring exclusive extras that justify the cost.
- Digital Rentals/Purchases: For those who prefer streaming, acquiring individual seasons or the complete collection via platforms like iTunes or Google Play can range from $15 to $50, depending on the chosen episode or season.
In summary, the Downton Abbey Complete Collection not only serves as a repository of unforgettable moments but also as an artifact that chronicles the evolution of television storytelling and cultural dialogue.
Explore more on the impact of this series at Wikipedia.
Finale
The conclusion of this article wraps up the intricate narrative surrounding the Downton Abbey Complete Collection. Its significance cannot be overstated, as it reminds us of the show's lingering impact on both audiences and contemporary television. Not merely a dramatic portrayal of life in early 20th-century England, Downton Abbey serves as a microcosm for exploring deeper societal themes that resonate even today.
Legacy of Downton Abbey
The legacy of Downton Abbey is firmly cemented in the annals of television history. First aired in 2010, it quickly garnered both critical acclaim and a devoted fanbase. The show's richly drawn characters and intricate plots have left an indelible mark on narrative-driven storytelling. The series effectively shattered the glass ceiling of period dramas, paving the way for others to follow suitâspurring interest in high-quality, character-centric narratives.
The Crawley family's saga sparked discussions of class stratification and the transitions brought by the changing tides of history. It received numerous accolades, reinforcing its importance and setting a standard for future television productions. The show also elevated the careers of its cast members, with many actors finding renewed success in subsequent roles. Indeed, Downton Abbey transformed into a cultural touchstone, often cited in discussions about representation and storytelling in television.
"By delving into themes of love, honor, and duty, Downton Abbey has triggered conversations that extend well beyond the screen."
Future of the Franchise
Looking forward, the future of the Downton Abbey franchise is a tantalizing prospect. With the one-two punch of the films, fans have been hungry for more stories from this beloved universe. The potential for spinoffs remains rich, as numerous supporting characters introduced in the series held complex backstories that could be explored further. Telling the narratives of the household staff or even establishing a mini-series centered around a young Robert Crawley could offer fresh angles to the already established lore.
Moreover, the success of the films reinvigorates the possibility of more cinematic offerings. Should the original creators return with additional story arcs, it might rekindle fansâ enthusiasm and draw in new viewers. The franchiseâs trajectory encourages a careful examination of historical narratives, something that audiences today are increasingly interested in exploring through a modern lens.
In sum, as we contemplate the Downton Abbey Complete Collection, its story is not merely of the past; rather, it serves as a bridge connecting history with contemporary conversations. The franchiseâs legacy is a testament to the power of storytelling, paving the way for future explorations that build upon its prestigious foundation.
