ShowScroll logo

Exploring the Depths of 'WandaVision' on Disney Plus

Visual representation of the sitcom style in WandaVision
Visual representation of the sitcom style in WandaVision

Overview of the Entertainment, TV Show, or Film discussed

Background Information
'WandaVision' marks a notable leap in storytelling within the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). This Disney Plus original series, which premiered in January 2021, intertwines classic sitcom aesthetics with deeply personal narratives. The show deftly navigates through various eras of television while maintaining a central storyline that delves into themes of love, loss, and the search for identity. Developed by Jac Schaeffer and directed by Matt Shakman, it is a departure from typical superhero formats.

Brief Synopsis
At its core, 'WandaVision' follows Wanda Maximoff, portrayed by Elizabeth Olsen, and Vision, played by Paul Bettany. Set after the events of 'Avengers: Endgame', Wanda attempts to create a perfect life in the suburban town of Westview, using her considerable powers. However, this idyllic setup conceals darker truths, raising questions about the nature of reality and grief. As the series unfolds, it reveals layers of complexity, mixing humor with profound emotional depth.

Key Details About the Creators
The creative team behind 'WandaVision' deserves recognition. Jac Schaeffer, known for her work on 'Black Widow', weaves intricate plotlines that reflect both character development and stylistic evolution. Matt Shakman directs the series, with his vision bringing each era's aesthetic to life. Elizabeth Olsen and Paul Bettany, seasoned actors within the MCU, elevate the narrative, embodying their characters' struggles authentically.

Analysis and Critique

Evaluation of Performance and Direction
The performances in 'WandaVision' are stellar. Elizabeth Olsen's portrayal of Wanda oscillates between joy and despair, mirroring the show's emotional arc. Paul Bettany’s Vision, initially a supporting character, climbs to the foreground, showcasing depth and nuance. Directorial choices by Shakman capture a blend of homage and innovation, allowing the sitcom style to infuse traditional superhero elements.

Comparison to Similar Works
Unlike other Marvel properties, which focus on explosive action, 'WandaVision' harks back to the sitcoms of yesteryear. It pulls inspiration from shows like 'The Dick Van Dyke Show' and 'Bewitched', presenting a narrative that feels familiar yet refreshes the superhero genre.
While similar in emotional exploration to films like 'Logan', it diverges in its light-hearted framing that juxtaposes the underlying grief of its protagonist.

Identification of Themes and Tones
Two primary themes dominate: love's complex nature and the toll of grief. The show probes deep questions about how one copes with loss. Its tone oscillates cleverly, beginning with playful lightness before plunging into darker territories. Stylistically, it uses costume, set design, and music to reflect changing eras while reinforcing emotional stakes.

Episode/Scene Breakdown

Detailed Breakdown of Notable Scenes
Notable scenes include the first episode where Wanda and Vision attempt to blend into suburban life, showcasing humor as they navigate ordinary situations. The charm of this setup quickly shifts in later episodes when the veneer of their life cracks, revealing deeper issues.

The mid-series reveal of Agnes, played by Kathryn Hahn, transforms the narrative. Her role as a nosy neighbor shifts into something more sinister, revealing layers of manipulation and control. Key twists, such as Wanda's confrontations with reality and her emergence of powers, are pivotal.

Analysis of Impact on Overall Narrative
These well-placed moments not only serve to develop character arcs but also shape the show’s pacing. The series becomes a rollercoaster of emotions, pulling viewers into the complexities of love and sorrow. Each scene serves a purpose, building to a climax that leaves audiences questioning the relationship dynamics established earlier in the story.

Audience Reception and Ratings

Compilation of Critical and Audience Responses
Critically, 'WandaVision' garnered acclaim, holding an impressive score of 91% on Rotten Tomatoes. Many praised its ingenuity and its capacity to redefine storytelling in the superhero genre.
Audience reactions reflect a mix of intrigue and confusion, particularly among less familiar with Marvel’s broader universe, yet it succeeded in drawing diverse viewers into the fold via its unique execution.

Viewership Statistics
Within the first few weeks, 'WandaVision' became one of the most-watched series on Disney Plus, indicating its broad appeal. Discussions on forums like Reddit suggest that viewers engaged with the show well beyond casual observation, often analyzing themes and character motivations in depth.

Recommendations and Culmination

Personal Recommendations for Diverse Viewers
For fans of classic television, 'WandaVision' offers a nostalgic trip down memory lane while introducing twists that appeal to modern sensibilities. Casual viewers may find the beginning episodes lighter but should persist to fully grasp the intricate developments.

Summarization of Key Points
Ultimately, 'WandaVision' provides a unique intersection of superhero antics with intimate storytelling. The character journey is profound, leaving lingering questions about identity and coping mechanisms in the face of loss.

"In its daring narrative choices, 'WandaVision' has not only entertained but also educated viewers on the complexities of human emotion, redefining what superhero stories can achieve."

Final Thoughts on the Entertainment Piece

Prolusion to 'WandaVision'

When delving into the marvels of modern television, few series stand out like 'WandaVision'. It’s not just a show; it represents a new chapter in storytelling that entwines superhero elements with classic sitcom charm. This unique juxtaposition offers viewers a rich tapestry of themes and character dynamics.

Overview of the Series

'WandaVision' intricately weaves the lives of Wanda Maximoff and Vision, both of whom are staple figures in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). At first glance, it presents as a lighthearted homage to bygone television eras, echoing the styles of I Love Lucy and The Dick Van Dyke Show. However, layers upon layers of complexity unfold as the series progresses.

This revival of sitcom traditions captures the audience’s attention through humor and nostalgia, pulling them in with its cheerful facade. As layers peel back, viewers find themselves confronted with a deeper narrative about grief, identity, and reality that resonates widely. Truly, the show embodies the saying, "It’s not all sunshine and rainbows", reminding us that happiness often veils underlying sorrow. The artistic choices—switching between black and white to vibrant color—further signify the blend of genres, illustrating the transition from lightheartedness to somber realities.

Historical Context within the MCU

To appreciate 'WandaVision', it's essential to grasp its place within the MCU. Released after the catastrophic events of Avengers: Endgame, the series plays a pivotal role in mapping the emotional aftermath experienced by its lead characters. It exposes vulnerabilities, dealing with loss on a deeply personal level.

Moreover, the show acts as a bridge between the past and the potential future of the MCU. In a landscape rich with interconnected narratives, WandaVision expands the boundaries by tackling psychological aspects often overlooked in superhero tales.

Illustration showcasing the character evolution of Wanda Maximoff
Illustration showcasing the character evolution of Wanda Maximoff

"The approach taken by 'WandaVision' revolutionizes superhero storytelling—making it more relatable and human."

As audiences engage with the series, they also explore the transitions within the MCU. The reintroduction of Wanda and Vision reflects more than mere continuation; it symbolizes growth and transformation against the backdrop of a universe in flux. That’s the appeal of WandaVision: it is startlingly relatable within a framework often dominated by the fantastical.

In summary, this series is paramount not only for its innovative narrative approach but also for its cultural significance within the MCU, subtly inviting us to reflect on love, loss, and what it means to truly know oneself.

Thematic Exploration

In this section, we delve into the heart of 'WandaVision' by exploring its thematic layers. This series stretches beyond the typical superhero fare, pulling at threads of complex human emotions and experiences. The themes discussed here are crucial for understanding the characters and the wider narrative arc. Each theme interweaves with the others, echoing the struggles of its protagonists and providing a mirror to our own lives. By addressing love, identity, and the fine line between reality and illusion, we glimpse how the show uses these motifs to convey its deeper messages and challenges.

Love and Loss

The theme of love and loss is front and center in 'WandaVision'. From the outset, it’s evident that Wanda Maximoff navigates a landscape fraught with grief. Her relationship with Vision serves as the crux of this emotional journey. The idyllic sitcom setting may seem lighthearted, but it masks profound sorrow beneath the surface. Wanda is not just creating a world where she can exist happily; she's clinging to what she lost.

The portrayal of grief here is striking and relatable. One might say that Wanda's experience echoes reality; grief can be isolating, leading people to craft their own versions of happiness, sometimes detached from what's real. It raises the question: How far would one go to hold onto love? Her denial transforms the narrative into a poignant study of how loss colors our perceptions and influences how we cope.

  • The dimensions of love explored:
  • Romantic love: Wanda's romance with Vision is tender yet tragic.
  • Familial love: The series touches on Wanda's longing for a normal family, showcasing her deep-rooted desires.
  • Self-love: The journey of self-acceptance intertwines with her grief, a key takeaway that audiences resonate with.

"Love is not just about the joy it brings; it is also wrapped in the pain of losing it."

Identity and Self-Discovery

Self-discovery is carved into the fabric of 'WandaVision'. As Wanda navigates through the various sitcom eras, she also confronts different facets of her identity. Each episode acts like a lens, highlighting different cultural perceptions of femininity and social roles. Her evolution from the quirky young woman introduced in the MCU to someone grappling with profound personal reckoning showcases that identity is not static but rather a fluid construct.

The struggle for self-understanding unfolds against the backdrop of a world that constantly tells us who we are supposed to be. In many ways, Wanda embodies the journey of many individuals trying to reconcile societal expectations with inner truths. By tapping into her chaotic powers to create a bubble of false normalcy, the series asks viewers to reflect:

  • Who are you without your grief?
  • What happens when you strip everything away?

Wanda’s path to self-discovery is complex; it forces her to peel back layers to reach her true essence, showing that identity is about more than just external labels.

Reality vs. Illusion

The tension between reality and illusion is one of the more intriguing aspects of 'WandaVision'. The show brilliantly blends fantasy with harsh reality, leaving viewers unsure of what to believe. Wanda’s reality becomes a mirror reflecting her deepest desires, yet it’s underpinned by the manipulation of her state of mind.

The illusion she creates brings comfort but also dangerous consequences. It raises ethical dilemmas surrounding consent and autonomy. Are we justified in bending reality for our peace of mind?

  • Elements of illusion:
  • The sitcom format: Initially disarming, it serves to numb the pain before everything unravels.
  • The ultimate revelation: Everything comes crashing down when the truth about Wanda's manipulation of her surroundings is revealed, forcing her to confront her actions.

This conflict pushes the boundaries of narrative storytelling. Viewers are compelled to look beyond the surface, recognizing that our understanding of reality can often be a construct of our emotions, fears, and desires. The series ultimately poses the poignant question: How do we choose to confront our own illusions?

Character Dynamics

Character dynamics play a crucial role in WandaVision, as they provide an essential lens through which the viewers can explore the emotional landscape of the series. This aspect not only propels the narrative forward but also deepens the audience's connection to both major and minor characters. The interplay among characters sheds light on their motivations, vulnerabilities, and transformations, which ultimately enrich the viewing experience.

Wanda Maximoff: A Case Study

Wanda Maximoff stands at the center of WandaVision, making her character an extraordinary subject for analysis. Wanda's journey is layered, reflecting trauma, loss, and the pursuit of identity. Viewing her through a psychological lens, it's evident that her past experiences shape each of her actions. Her romantic desires with Vision intertwine with her grief, revealing that her idyllic life is merely a coping mechanism to confront her profound sorrow.

In this series, Wanda grapples with feelings of isolation and heartbreak. The way she bends reality to construct her ideal world reveals the extent of her magic and the limits of her despair. One poignant moment occurs when she hesitates to erase her fabricated reality, illustrating her internal conflict between the safety of illusion and the harshness of truth.

This case study of Wanda makes one think about how trauma influences autonomy. By dissecting her experiences and choices, the audience gains insight into her character's psyche, allowing for a more nuanced understanding of her actions within the narrative. It asks viewers to consider: how far would one go to escape pain?

Symbolic depiction of the themes of love and loss in WandaVision
Symbolic depiction of the themes of love and loss in WandaVision

Vision's Role and Evolution

Vision’s evolution throughout WandaVision is another testament to the series's deep character dynamics. Initially, he embodies the rational and steady counterpart to Wanda’s emotional turmoil, serving as a grounding force. However, as the series unfolds, Vision emerges as a self-aware entity navigating the questions of existence and purpose.

From being a mere construct of Wanda’s imagination to growing into a character who seeks to understand his own reality, Vision becomes a vehicle for discussing themes of identity and autonomy. His interactions with Wanda, particularly during the "We interrupt this program" episode, illustrate the tension between his implanted memories and his quest for truth.

"We are a part of each other. Remember the time you fell in love with me?"

This quote resonates. It symbolizes not only their shared experiences but also the struggle between what is manufactured and what is genuine. As viewers, we witness his evolution, encapsulating the balance of love and existential inquiry, questioning what it really means to be alive.

Supporting Characters and Their Significance

WandaVision also features a rich tapestry of supporting characters, each contributing to the main themes in varied ways. Characters like Agatha Harkness, Monica Rambeau, and even the FBI agent Jimmy Woo, add layers to Wanda’s story. They serve as reflections or foils that highlight Wanda’s struggles and the broader context of her journey.

Agatha embodies manipulation and the darker side of power, introducing elements of threat in a narrative that is otherwise centered around love. Monica Rambeau, on the other hand, illustrates resilience and hope amid chaos. Her character development, from an outsider observing Wanda’s world to becoming an integral part of her journey, symbolizes courage and determination.

Supporting characters often provide crucial insights into Wanda’s psyche, helping audiences understand the implications of her choices. They reaffirm the series’ exploration of community, loss, and empowerment in a familiar, yet at times, unsettling environment. Each character’s interaction with Wanda unveils layers of complexity in her character, emphasizing that our relationships shape who we are.

Cinematic Style and Production

The significance of cinematic style and production in 'WandaVision' can't be understated. At its core, the show marries traditional television aesthetics with the vast narrative universe of the MCU, creating a unique viewing experience. This section will delve into the distinctive visual and auditory language of the show, along with the innovative techniques that brought its intricate storytelling to life.

Visual and Aesthetic Choices

Right from the get-go, 'WandaVision' plays with the visual tropes of classic sitcoms, employing a lineage of styles that harkens back to the black-and-white sitcoms of the 1950s. This deliberate choice is more than just a nostalgic nod; it establishes a world that at first seems so comforting that it gently involves the viewer. The framing, camera angles, and even the wardrobe evoke a sense of familiarity and warmth which juxtaposes the underlying tension of the narrative.

For instance, the use of pastel colors and clean lines in the early episodes represent an idealized version of suburban life. However, as the series progresses, these aesthetics begin to shift. The visual choices increasingly reflect the emotional turmoil within Wanda's life. The brilliant decision to transition from a more vibrant palette to darker tones effectively mirrors her psychological state. Each episode becomes a visual narrative, indicating the changing landscapes of Wanda's grief and denial.

Cinematic Techniques Employed

Utilizing a blend of traditional filming techniques and modern CGI, 'WandaVision' manages to create an immersive experience that feels both effortless and profound. One prominent technique is the use of live studio audiences in the early episodes, which fosters an authentic sitcom atmosphere. Combined with carefully choreographed performances, the audience's laughter seamlessly transitions into the narrative.

Moreover, the show frequently employs breaking the fourth wall. Characters speak directly to the camera, an old sitcom device that invites viewers closer, making them complicit in Wanda's world. Along with this, clever use of transitions between the decades features techniques like jump cuts and fades, creating a dynamic rhythm to the storytelling that keeps audiences engaged.

Sound Design and Music Integration

Sound design in 'WandaVision' plays a crucial role in the overall production integrity. The themes resonate with each episode's period, including iconic theme songs that not only establish the setting but also encapsulate the emotional nuances at that moment. Each song, from the cheerful jingles to the more somber melodies, is not just background noise but a reflection of the narrative's emotional core.

The incorporation of silence is equally powerful. Strategic use of quiet moments allows suspense to build, forcing viewers to confront the darker realities of Wanda's existence. For instance, when the cheerful ambiance fades, it creates an unsettling experience that heightens the gravity of her situation.

"The music, much like the visuals, is an integral thread that weaves through the narrative, enhancing emotional depth while drawing viewers deeper into the show’s complex narrative."

In sum, the cinematic style and production of 'WandaVision' is a layered tapestry that intertwines visual storytelling with emotional resonance. Through its aesthetic choices, filming techniques, and sound design, the series not only pays homage to its sitcom roots but challenges viewers to question the very nature of reality and an emotional journey of its characters.

Cultural Impact and Reception

The cultural significance of 'WandaVision' stretches far beyond its initial airing on Disney Plus. This series has not only engaged audiences but also stirred conversations that ripple through society, touching on themes of grief, identity, and the very nature of reality in a tumultuous world. It serves as a prime example of how television can foster societal reflection and discussion, making it an important piece in the larger puzzle of media and culture today.

Critical Acclaim and Audience Response

From the get-go, 'WandaVision' was met with a wave of critical acclaim that almost washed over the small screen. Critics praised its audacious risk-taking as it skillfully intertwined old-fashioned sitcom styles with a raw, emotional narrative. This convergence of humor and heart resonated strongly with audiences. A stark contrast to traditional superhero fare, it won over skeptics by inviting viewers to invest emotionally in Wanda and Vision’s relationship, which had previously been relegated to the background in the MCU.

  • Rotten Tomatoes reflects a remarkable score, igniting buzz among fans eager for deeper character arcs.
  • Viewership numbers soared, showcasing how the series hooked not just die-hard comic fans but also a diverse range of viewers drawn in by its unique approach and themes.

The juxtaposition of a light-hearted sitcom aesthetic against a backdrop of darker emotional struggles led to a fan response that echoed the show's duality. Social media platforms lit up with discussions, theories, and emotional reactions, leading to a sense of community among viewers who were experiencing similar feelings of loss and identity.

Art highlighting the cultural impact of WandaVision within the MCU
Art highlighting the cultural impact of WandaVision within the MCU

Social Discourse Inspired by the Series

One of the most striking aspects of 'WandaVision' is how it has ignited significant social discourse. The show’s exploration of mental health, especially in the context of grief and trauma, resonates in today’s societal climate where vulnerability is increasingly acknowledged and discussed. Social media platforms have become melting pots of dialogue, where users share insights on how Wanda’s journey parallels their own experiences of loss and recovery.

"'WandaVision' opens a door for conversations that mainstream media often overlooks, particularly regarding the impact of loss," says a fan on Reddit.

This sort of discourse encourages viewers to seek help, talk openly about their feelings, and fosters an environment where mental health can be discussed without stigma. Additionally, the series challenges traditional gender roles and expectations, as Wanda defies stereotypes of female strength and resilience. The blending of her power with vulnerability offers a complex perspective that sparks necessary discussions around gender and identity in media.

Awards and Nominations

The accolades that 'WandaVision' has garnered underscore its critical reception and cultural impact. The series stands tall among numerous nominations and awards, reflecting both its artistic achievement and societal relevance.

  • Primetime Emmy Awards resulted in several wins, recognizing exceptional contributions in writing, cinematography, and performance.
  • Other nominations include Golden Globe Awards, illustrating its acceptance in the broader spectrum of entertainment, not just niche superhero fandom.

These awards signify a shift in how superhero narratives are perceived; they’re not just for escapism anymore but can also serve as mirrors reflecting real-life struggles. This recognition further cements 'WandaVision' as a transformative cultural force within the entertainment landscape, suggesting that future projects may follow suit in terms of depth and thematic richness.

Implications for Future MCU Content

The success of 'WandaVision' has deep-reaching consequences for the Marvel Cinematic Universe. It's more than just a clever blend of sitcom nostalgia and superhero drama. This series has set a new bar for storytelling in the MCU, proving that it can explore complex themes while still being entertaining. With this in mind, understanding the implications for future content becomes vital.

One significant takeaway is how the integration of emotional depth can resonate with audiences. The MCU has always had its fare share of action, but now there is a clear path forward that includes narratives unpacking profound psychological themes. As viewers, we are invited to engage at a level much deeper than simply watching characters battle foes. Themes like loss, grief, and the pursuit of identity are now firmly entrenched in the MCU's storytelling arsenal.

  • Benefits of this approach include:
  • Enhanced character relatability that fosters stronger audience connections.
  • Opportunities for exploring diverse narratives that aren’t purely action-based.
  • Potential for discussions around social issues, a clear indication that superhero content can tackle serious subjects without losing its entertainment value.

But with those benefits come considerations. As the MCU expands its narrative framework, maintaining balance will be crucial. There's a thin line between profound storytelling and sacrificing the escapism that defines the superhero genre. Audiences have come to expect high-stakes thrills alongside emotional arcs; failing to strike this balance could alienate long-time fans.

Integration of Themes in Future Projects

Drawing on the thematic richness presented in 'WandaVision', it's clear that the MCU can intelligently weave serious subject matter into its future films and series. The exploration of identity, as felt through Wanda's transformation and struggles, is ripe for further investigation. For example, if Marvel continues to delve into heroes questioning their purpose or origins, audiences can expect a more engaging experience that challenges their perceptions of heroism.

Marvel has a golden opportunity to universally integrate themes like grief and mental health into diverse characters across its slate. Imagine a future storyline centered around other characters dealing with personal losses, examining how their journeys parallel Wanda's. This wouldn't just add layers to the story; it could foster conversations around mental well-being, illustrating that even heroes confront deeply human struggles.

Character Continuity and Development

Long-time MCU fans cherish character development, and 'WandaVision' handles this beautifully, offering a glimpse into how characters can evolve beyond traditional arcs. The importance of this continuity cannot be overstated. With so many characters branching out into different series and movies, it’s essential that they maintain a sense of growth and transformation that doesn’t feel disjointed.

  • Considerations for character continuity include:
  • Allowing characters to carry the emotional baggage of prior storylines into new adventures.
  • Developing supporting characters that reflect growth, providing richer narratives as they interact with main characters.

For instance, the implications of Vision's fate and Wanda's emotional state may continue to ripple through future stories, shaping their roles in upcoming films. The relatability drawn from continuity can significantly enhance viewer investment and attachment to the characters.

"Character arcs that resonate keep audiences coming back, making them more than just spectators, they’re emotionally invested stakeholders in the saga."

For more detailed insights into the MCU and its characters, you may visit Wikipedia or engage with fellow fans on Reddit.

End

In wrapping up the exploration of 'WandaVision,' it becomes clear just how pivotal this series is within the context of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Not only does it serve as a bridge between multiple narratives, but it also challenges traditional storytelling methods by interweaving humor with deep emotional themes. The analysis of this segment not only highlights the series' craftsmanship but it also reflects its cultural relevance and the resonance it has with audiences.

Summation of Key Points

  • Thematic Richness: At its core, 'WandaVision' delves deeply into concepts of love, grief, and identity. The way Wanda grapples with her past and present sets the stage for a poignant exploration of mental health and personal loss.
  • Character Development: Both Wanda and Vision undergo significant transformations, showcasing how their relationship embodies the struggles of real-world connections. Supporting characters also play crucial roles that deepen audience understanding of the main narratives.
  • Cinematic Techniques: The series employs a variety of visual and auditory elements that enhance storytelling. The blend of sitcom aesthetics with emotional depth is a masterclass in production.
  • Cultural Conversations: 'WandaVision' has sparked discussions around mental health, gender roles, and social expectations, making it more than just a show; it's a part of a broader dialogue in society today.

Final Thoughts on 'WandaVision'

Reflecting on 'WandaVision,' it stands out as a landmark series that invites viewers to engage not only with its characters but with the themes they represent. This show redefines what superhero narratives can achieve by packing emotional gravity into an entertaining format. The evolution of Wanda and Vision captures an extraordinary depth often overlooked in typical fantasy genres. As audiences anticipate further developments in the MCU, 'WandaVision' lays a robust foundation for future storytelling, emphasizing the need for authenticity in character arcs and the relevance of heavy themes in popular culture.

"As we look forward, 'WandaVision' not only sets a bar for future Marvel content but also challenges viewers to introspect on their own identities and experiences of love and tragedy."

A captivating scene from an upcoming Apple TV series
A captivating scene from an upcoming Apple TV series
Explore intriguing upcoming series on Apple TV in our comprehensive overview. Get insights into genres, creators, and themes. 📺✨ Stay informed!
Dynamic scene from the Fast and Furious franchise showcasing a high-speed chase
Dynamic scene from the Fast and Furious franchise showcasing a high-speed chase
Dive into the Fast and Furious 4K Collection! 📽️ Discover its franchise significance, technical details, and the evolution of high-definition media. 🚗💨
Innovative Mobile Technology
Innovative Mobile Technology
Explore the Google Pixel series to discover the perfect device tailored to your unique needs! 📱 From cutting-edge camera technology to powerful performance, this comprehensive guide will help you select the ideal Google Pixel model that aligns with your personal preferences and usage habits.
Mysterious silhouette in the mist
Mysterious silhouette in the mist
Dive into the long-awaited arrival of Outlander season 5 on Netflix! Uncover the buzz around its premiere, potential storylines, and fan hopes 👀. Your ultimate guide to the highly anticipated return of this cherished series.